Editing D'ni grammar
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Both basic letters and numerals are derived from basic shapes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://linguists.riedl.org/old/more-numbers.htm|title=The connections between the D'ni letters and the numbers|website=Guild of Linguists Homepage|access-date=September 6, 2020}}</ref>: | Both basic letters and numerals are derived from basic shapes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://linguists.riedl.org/old/more-numbers.htm|title=The connections between the D'ni letters and the numbers|website=Guild of Linguists Homepage|access-date=September 6, 2020}}</ref>: | ||
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Example: | Example: | ||
: <dni>.Sora b'Sem - ga b'zU</dni> | : <dni>.Sora b'Sem - ga b'zU</dni> | ||
: <span style="font-size:85%">{{ | : <span style="font-size:85%">{{Parsed D'ni|.|shorah||b'-|shem}} - {{Parsed D'ni|gah||b'-|zoo}}</span> | ||
: "peace to you - and to me." | : "peace to you - and to me." | ||
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|} | |} | ||
When counting objects, numbers follow the noun they refer to, e.g. {{ | When counting objects, numbers follow the noun they refer to, e.g. {{Parsed D'ni|kor|-tee||sen}} "three books". | ||
The missing symbols are simply an overlap of two parts, e.g. 17 is 15 + 2. The names of the digits are a shortened form of the base ('''vaht''', '''nayvoo''', '''heebor''', '''rish''' → '''vah''', '''nay''', '''hee''', '''ri'') plus '''gah''' "and", plus the added number ('''fah''', '''bree''', '''sen''', '''tor'''). | The missing symbols are simply an overlap of two parts, e.g. 17 is 15 + 2. The names of the digits are a shortened form of the base ('''vaht''', '''nayvoo''', '''heebor''', '''rish''' → '''vah''', '''nay''', '''hee''', '''ri'') plus '''gah''' "and", plus the added number ('''fah''', '''bree''', '''sen''', '''tor'''). | ||
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Example: {{ | Example: {{Parsed D'ni|vahgahbree}}, {{Parsed D'ni|naygahtor}}, {{Parsed D'ni|rigahsen}} "seven, fourteen, twentythree" | ||
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Each digit is written as the unit plus a suffix that denote the power, e.g.: | Each digit is written as the unit plus a suffix that denote the power, e.g.: | ||
:4|5 is {{ | :4|5 is {{Parsed D'ni|tor}}-'''{{Parsed D'ni|-see}}''' {{Parsed D'ni|vaht}} | ||
:12|21 is {{ | :12|21 is {{Parsed D'ni|naygahbree}}-'''{{Parsed D'ni|-see}}''' {{Parsed D'ni|rigahfah}} | ||
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Modifiers almost never come between the verb and its object. The indirect object almost always precedes the direct object; however, if the indirect obj. is modified by an adjective or adjectival phrase, it's the direct object that comes first. Adverbs can be placed at the beginning of a sentence to modify it entirely, e.g. {{ | Modifiers almost never come between the verb and its object. The indirect object almost always precedes the direct object; however, if the indirect obj. is modified by an adjective or adjectival phrase, it's the direct object that comes first. Adverbs can be placed at the beginning of a sentence to modify it entirely, e.g. {{Parsed D'ni|khahpo}} "perhaps". Modifying phrases can occur anywhere, but always close to the word they modify. Appositive phrases or vocatives that modify an implied subject appear near to where the implied subject would have been. Dependent clauses precede or follow but never split up the complete independent clause. | ||
Here are a few examples of relatively complex sentences from the Aitrus' Map: | Here are a few examples of relatively complex sentences from the Aitrus' Map: | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|loymaht||re-|mishtah|-tahv||robot||tso||re-|bishtah||ril||mahrent|-en||re-|say|-tee||kahg}} | ||
: "Though the actual construction of the tunnel doesn't follow the original designs," | : "Though the actual construction of the tunnel doesn't follow the original designs," | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|re-|lenah||gahth||shento|-en||blo||yahr|-tee||sen||f'-|toogo}} | ||
: "the journey still takes about three days on foot." (''"[[Reference:Aitrus's Map (D'ni)#Timepiece|D'ni Timepiece]]" text in Aitrus's Map'') | : "the journey still takes about three days on foot." (''"[[Reference:Aitrus's Map (D'ni)#Timepiece|D'ni Timepiece]]" text in Aitrus's Map'') | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|re-|tiwah}} ... {{Parsed D'ni|ko-|mes|-en||re-|doyhah|-tee||prad|teeg|-ahl||tor||gahro||b'-|fahsee}} | ||
: "The Shaft ... required the four greatest rock-working machines" | : "The Shaft ... required the four greatest rock-working machines" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|t'-|biv||tre-|gahn||d'nee||gah|vailee|-tee||tren||b'-|choylahnay}} | ||
: "in all of the D'ni Empire and a few months to complete." (''"[[Reference:Aitrus's Map (D'ni)#Shaft|Shaft]]" text on Aitrus's Map'') | : "in all of the D'ni Empire and a few months to complete." (''"[[Reference:Aitrus's Map (D'ni)#Shaft|Shaft]]" text on Aitrus's Map'') | ||
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Examples: | Examples: | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|re-}}-{{Parsed D'ni|kor}} "the book"; {{Parsed D'ni|erth-}}-{{Parsed D'ni|kor}} "a book"; | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|re}}-{{Parsed D'ni|kor}}-{{Parsed D'ni|-tee}} "the book<u>s</u>"; {{Parsed D'ni|erth-}}-{{Parsed D'ni|kor}}-{{Parsed D'ni|-tee}} "some books". | ||
== Conjuctions and interjections == | == Conjuctions and interjections == | ||
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Example: | Example: | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|yim||re-|shokhoo|-tahn}} '''{{Parsed D'ni|gah}}''' {{Parsed D'ni|erth-|choor|-tahn|-tee}} '''{{Parsed D'ni|roob||ril}}''' {{Parsed D'ni|kor|-tee}} | ||
: "I see the instructor <u>and</u> some students <u>but</u> <u>no</u> books". | : "I see the instructor <u>and</u> some students <u>but</u> <u>no</u> books". | ||
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Examples: | Examples: | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|ril|yim|-em||zoo}} "you don't see me" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|re-|prad||pisho|-en||b'-|set}} "the rock belongs to us" | ||
== Particles == | == Particles == | ||
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Examples: | Examples: | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|ahno}} "water" → {{Parsed D'ni|ahnoets}} "watery" (wet) | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|vokan}} "birth" → {{Parsed D'ni|devokan}} "rebirth" (hope) | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|gahro}} "great" → {{Parsed D'ni|gahroth}} "greatness", {{Parsed D'ni|gahrosh}} "greatly" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|mees}} "speak" → {{Parsed D'ni|meestahv}} "speech", {{Parsed D'ni|meestahn}} "speaker" | ||
== Verbs == | == Verbs == | ||
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Examples: | Examples: | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|b'-|yim}} "to see"; | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|b'-|baykh}} "to link". | ||
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The verb ''b'ken'' "to be" also means "to exist"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/chapter2/othersentence.html|title=Other Sentence Forms|website=A First Survey of the Facts for Writing D'ni|access-date=September 6, 2020|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20050506165912/http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/chapter2/othersentence.html|archive-date=May 6, 2005}}</ref>: | The verb ''b'ken'' "to be" also means "to exist"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/chapter2/othersentence.html|title=Other Sentence Forms|website=A First Survey of the Facts for Writing D'ni|access-date=September 6, 2020|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20050506165912/http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/chapter2/othersentence.html|archive-date=May 6, 2005}}</ref>: | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|re-|kor||ken|-en||tomet}} "the book is here" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|ken|-en||erth-|kor}} "there is a book" | ||
=== Inflection === | === Inflection === | ||
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Examples: | Examples: | ||
: [[Atrus|Aytrus]] {{ | : [[Atrus|Aytrus]] {{Parsed D'ni|ken}}-{{Parsed D'ni|-en||erth-|seltahn||tso||sev|-tee}} "Atrus <u>is</u> a Writer of Ages"; | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|ken}}-{{Parsed D'ni|-tee||choor|-tahn|-tee}} "you <u>are</u> students". | ||
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Examples: | Examples: | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|le-}}–{{Parsed D'ni|hoor|-em||gorahyan|-oy}} "you have found my clock" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|bo-}}-{{Parsed D'ni|laysoo|-em||tah||b'-|zoo}} "you will bring it to me" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|re-|doyhah||do-}}-{{Parsed D'ni|mahlah|-en}} "the machine is coming" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|dol-}}-{{Parsed D'ni|gid|-en||ben||pahrtahvo|-tee||vahgahfah}} "it has been excavating for six hours" | ||
=== Passives === | === Passives === | ||
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Examples: | Examples: | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.tahg|-em|-ah||b'-|zoo||ah||re-|kor}}! "give me the book!" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|eder|-et||voohee}}? "we could rest" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|eder|-tee||yeret||ahgo}} "may you sleep well" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|oshahn||ril|voohee}} "I cannot lose" | ||
Potentials and optatives can be combined: | Potentials and optatives can be combined: | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|gel|-en||voohee}} "she could write" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|gel|-en||yeret}} "may she write" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|chahn|choor|-en||b'-|gel}} "she is able to learn to write" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|choor|-en||voohee||b'-|gel}} "she could learn to write" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|choor|-en||yeret||b'-|gel}} "may she learn to write" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|kamrov||voohee||bel|-en||roo||gel|-en||voohee}} "who could claim that they could write?" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|bel|-en||yeret||roo||gel|-en||voohee}} "may she claim that she could write" | ||
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Examples: | Examples: | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|yim||shem|-tee}} '''{{Parsed D'ni|preniv}}''' {{Parsed D'ni|gormet}} "I see you <u>again</u> <u>now</u>" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|kor|-tee}} '''{{Parsed D'ni|tomet}}''', {{Parsed D'ni|kor|-tee}} '''{{Parsed D'ni|tomot}}''' "books <u>here</u>, books <u>there</u>" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|tahgahm||kor}} '''{{Parsed D'ni|met}}''' "I know <u>this</u> book" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|tahgahm}} '''{{Parsed D'ni|met}}''' {{Parsed D'ni|kor||prin}} "I know <u>this</u> small book" | ||
Note that ''mot'' can also be used as a relative pronoun: ''rekor mot gelen'' "the book that he writes"; however, when referring to personal nouns ("who"), ''kamrov'' should be used: ''reshokhootahn kamrov yim'' "the instructor (who) I see"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/chapter2/relative.html|title=Two Forms of 'that'|website=A First Survey of the Facts for Writing D'ni|access-date=September 6, 2020|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20050506165840/http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/chapter2/relative.html|archive-date=May 6, 2005}}</ref>. | Note that ''mot'' can also be used as a relative pronoun: ''rekor mot gelen'' "the book that he writes"; however, when referring to personal nouns ("who"), ''kamrov'' should be used: ''reshokhootahn kamrov yim'' "the instructor (who) I see"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/chapter2/relative.html|title=Two Forms of 'that'|website=A First Survey of the Facts for Writing D'ni|access-date=September 6, 2020|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20050506165840/http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/chapter2/relative.html|archive-date=May 6, 2005}}</ref>. | ||
''met'' and ''mot'' are singular when used as adjectives (''khoy hevtee met/mot dohooreet'' "if these/those words are found"), but plural when used as pronouns (''kokeneet pekay be motee/metee'' "they were | ''met'' and ''mot'' are singular when used as adjectives (''khoy hevtee met/mot dohooreet'' "if these/those words are found"), but plural when used as pronouns (''kokeneet pekay be motee/metee'' "they were [similar] to those/these"). | ||
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Examples: | Examples: | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|ken|-en||torinai||gahth||te-|Delin}} "it is still cold in Delin" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|megoyray||mre-|prad}} "straight out from the rock" | ||
Adverbs can be negated by prefixing them with ''ril''' "not" (note the apostrophe): | Adverbs can be negated by prefixing them with ''ril''' "not" (note the apostrophe): | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|re-|keelen||fahets||ken|-en||ten||ril}}'{{Parsed D'ni|tsahn}} "the first step is not always simple" | ||
"Never" can be expressed with ''tsahnril'': | "Never" can be expressed with ''tsahnril'': | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|re-|keelen||fahets||ken|-en||ten||tsahnril}} "the first step is never simple (lit. simple never)" | ||
but can also be expressed by negating the adjective<ref>{{cite web|url=http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/chapter2/negative.html|title=The Negative 'Rihl'|website=A First Survey of the Facts for Writing D'ni|access-date=September 6, 2020|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20050506165816/http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/chapter2/negative.html|archive-date=May 6, 2005}}</ref>: | but can also be expressed by negating the adjective<ref>{{cite web|url=http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/chapter2/negative.html|title=The Negative 'Rihl'|website=A First Survey of the Facts for Writing D'ni|access-date=September 6, 2020|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20050506165816/http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/chapter2/negative.html|archive-date=May 6, 2005}}</ref>: | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|re-|keelen||fahets||ken|-en||ril||ten||tsahn}} "the first step is never simple (lit. not-simple always)" | ||
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Examples: | Examples: | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|ken|-en||ahnoets||te}}[[Tetsonot]] | ||
: "It's humid <u>in</u> Tetsonot" | : "It's humid <u>in</u> Tetsonot" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|ben||yahr|-tee||sen}} | ||
: "<u>for</u> 3 days"; | : "<u>for</u> 3 days"; | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|chev||ah||shem||ben||re-|kor}} | ||
: "I thank you <u>for</u> the book" | : "I thank you <u>for</u> the book" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|ken|-en||gor||khe-|zoo||b'-|glo}} | ||
: "it's time <u>for</u> me to begin" | : "it's time <u>for</u> me to begin" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|ne|re-|dovah}} | ||
: "<u>around</u> the world" | : "<u>around</u> the world" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|me|D'nee||b-|re-|tahleeo}} | ||
: "<u>From</u> D'ni <u>to</u> the surface" | : "<u>From</u> D'ni <u>to</u> the surface" | ||
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Examples: | Examples: | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|tahg|-em|-ah||b'-|zoo||ah||re-|kor}} | ||
: "give me the book!" [physical encounter] | : "give me the book!" [physical encounter] | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|ril||glahs|-em|-ah||re-|ahno}} | ||
: "don't drink the water" [negation] | : "don't drink the water" [negation] | ||
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Examples: | Examples: | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|tahgahm|-em||tsahn||bo-|taygahn||shem||b'-|fahsee}} | ||
: "you know, I will always love you, to the greatest extent" | : "you know, I will always love you, to the greatest extent" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|re-|ahchah||ken|-en||wotsah||b'-|bree||te}}[[Minkata|Minkahtah]] | ||
: "the climate is a little harsh in Minkata" | : "the climate is a little harsh in Minkata" | ||
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Examples: | Examples: | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|dho||ken|-em}}? | ||
: "how are you?" | : "how are you?" | ||
: {{ | : {{Parsed D'ni|.|votahr||ah}}'{{Parsed D'ni|shem||khe|kamrov||ken|-em}} | ||
: "I praise you for who you are" | : "I praise you for who you are" | ||
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==Resources== | ==Resources== | ||
* [http://www.eldalamberon.com/dni_dict.htm A Dictionary of the Language of D'ni], by Kh'reestrefah | * [http://www.eldalamberon.com/dni_dict.htm A Dictionary of the Language of D'ni], by Kh'reestrefah | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160317013710/http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/lessons/ Rehchoortahn D'nee] (The D'ni Student), by Domareh | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160317013710/http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/lessons/ Rehchoortahn D'nee] (The D'ni Student), by Domareh | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220219/http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/ A First Survey of the Facts for Writing D'ni], by Domareh | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220219/http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/ A First Survey of the Facts for Writing D'ni], by Domareh | ||
* Talashar's [https://talashargeltahn.wordpress.com/grammar/ D'ni Grammar] | |||
* The first [http://linguists.riedl.org/old/ Guild of Linguists] | * The first [http://linguists.riedl.org/old/ Guild of Linguists] | ||
* The [ | * The [https://www.facebook.com/GoLinguists/ Guild of Linguists] Facebook page | ||
==References== | ==References== |