Editing D'ni grammar
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* D'NI is the encoding used by the ''Dnifont'' typeface, and by RAWA to precisely write D'ni words: '''pAiferen''' | * D'NI is the encoding used by the ''Dnifont'' typeface, and by RAWA to precisely write D'ni words: '''pAiferen''' | ||
* OTS is the ''Old Transliteration Standard'', the most common way of writing D'ni in the Uru community: '''Payiferen''' | * OTS is the ''Old Transliteration Standard'', the most common way of writing D'ni in the Uru community: '''Payiferen''' | ||
* NTS is the ''New Transliteration Standard'', devised by the [[Guild of Linguists (restored)|first Guild of Linguists]] to have a 1-to-1 equivalence between D'ni and roman letters<ref> | * NTS is the ''New Transliteration Standard'', devised by the [[Guild of Linguists (restored)|first Guild of Linguists]] to have a 1-to-1 equivalence between D'ni and roman letters<ref>"[http://linguists.riedl.org/old/transcr.htm The New D'ni Transcription Standard]", Guild Of Linguists Homepage, accessed September 6, 2020.</ref>: '''Péiferen''' | ||
* LTS is ''Larry LeDeay's Transliterations Standard''<ref> | * LTS is ''Larry LeDeay's Transliterations Standard''<ref>"[http://www.florestica.com/hpotd/dni-fonts/index.html D'ni Fonts and Transliteration Characters]", The Lost Library of D'ni, accessed September 6, 2020.</ref>, with an approach similar to the NTS: '''Pāiferen''' | ||
* RTS is ''Revised Transliteration Standard'', devised by KathTheDragon of the [[Guild of Linguists (restored)|new Guild of Linguists]] as a more consistent version of OTS: '''Peyiferen''' | * RTS is ''Revised Transliteration Standard'', devised by KathTheDragon of the [[Guild of Linguists (restored)|new Guild of Linguists]] as a more consistent version of OTS: '''Peyiferen''' | ||
* IPA is the ''[[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]'', used by linguists to precisely describe the 'sound' of each letter, usually written between brackets: '''[peɪfɛɾɛn]''' | * IPA is the ''[[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]'', used by linguists to precisely describe the 'sound' of each letter, usually written between brackets: '''[peɪfɛɾɛn]''' | ||
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Both basic letters and numerals are derived from basic shapes<ref>"[http://linguists.riedl.org/old/more-numbers.htm The connections between the D'ni letters and the numbers]", Guild of Linguists Homepage, accessed September 6, 2020.</ref>: | |||
Both basic letters and numerals are derived from basic shapes<ref> | |||
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The 'full stop' usage is the really different one, as it is always placed at the beginning of the sentence, not at the end. | The 'full stop' usage is the really different one, as it is always placed at the beginning of the sentence, not at the end. | ||
An apostrophe following a vowel represents a glottal stop; one following a consonant represents a schwa<ref> | An apostrophe following a vowel represents a glottal stop; one following a consonant represents a schwa<ref>RAWA, "More than you wanted to know about Aitrus/Atrus". ''DRC forums''. May 18, 2006. [link unavailable]</ref>. | ||
Example: | Example: | ||
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== Stress == | == Stress == | ||
There isn't a fixed rule for word stress, and it can move when suffixes are attached<ref> | There isn't a fixed rule for word stress, and it can move when suffixes are attached<ref>[https://mystonline.com/forums/viewtopic.php?p=426543#p426543 larryf58], "Comments on the Pictorial Dictionary?". Myst Online forums. August 11, 2017.</ref>: | ||
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== Word order == | == Word order == | ||
D'ni is a SVO language, i.e. the subject comes first, the verb follows, then comes the object. The article and the negation precede the noun, adjectives usually follow the noun, and adverbs follow the word they modify<ref> | D'ni is a SVO language, i.e. the subject comes first, the verb follows, then comes the object. The article and the negation precede the noun, adjectives usually follow the noun, and adverbs follow the word they modify<ref>"[http://web.archive.org/web/20050506165853/http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/chapter2/wordorder.html Word Order]", A First Survey of the Facts for Writing D'ni, accessed September 6, 2020. Archived from the original on May 6, 2005.</ref>. | ||
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: "I see the instructor <u>and</u> some students <u>but</u> <u>no</u> books". | : "I see the instructor <u>and</u> some students <u>but</u> <u>no</u> books". | ||
Note that ''ril'' always precedes the word it negates. With lists, ''gah'' is repeated<ref> | Note that ''ril'' always precedes the word it negates. With lists, ''gah'' is repeated<ref>"[http://web.archive.org/web/20050506165828/http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/chapter2/parallel.html Parallelism]", A First Survey of the Facts for Writing D'ni, accessed September 6, 2020. Archived from the original on May 6, 2005.</ref>: ''reshokhootahn gah rechoortahntee gah rekortee'' "the instructor, the students and the books". | ||
== Pronouns == | == Pronouns == | ||
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== Particles == | == Particles == | ||
In D'ni there are more than one word that translate "of", depending on the meaning. The two most common are<ref> | In D'ni there are more than one word that translate "of", depending on the meaning. The two most common are<ref>"[http://web.archive.org/web/20050506165904/http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/chapter2/possession.html Possession and Forms of 'of']", A First Survey of the Facts for Writing D'ni, accessed September 6, 2020. Archived from the original on May 6, 2005.</ref>: | ||
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== Verbs == | == Verbs == | ||
=== Infinitive === | === Infinitive === | ||
In English, that is done by putting "to" before the verb, e.g. "to see". In D'ni, it is done in a very similar way: ''b'yim'', "to see"<ref> | In English, that is done by putting "to" before the verb, e.g. "to see". In D'ni, it is done in a very similar way: ''b'yim'', "to see"<ref>"[http://web.archive.org/web/20050506165844/http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/chapter2/verbals.html Verbals and Their Use]", A First Survey of the Facts for Writing D'ni, accessed September 6, 2020. Archived from the original on May 6, 2005.</ref> | ||
. The D'ni particle can also be used as a preposition, just like in English. | . The D'ni particle can also be used as a preposition, just like in English. | ||
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=== "To be" vs "to exist" === | === "To be" vs "to exist" === | ||
The verb ''b'ken'' "to be" also means "to exist"<ref> | The verb ''b'ken'' "to be" also means "to exist"<ref>"[http://web.archive.org/web/20050506165912/http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/chapter2/othersentence.html Other Sentence Forms]", A First Survey of the Facts for Writing D'ni, accessed September 6, 2020. Archived from the original on May 6, 2005.</ref>: | ||
: {{dni-text|.|re-|kor||ken|-en||tomet}} "the book is here" | : {{dni-text|.|re-|kor||ken|-en||tomet}} "the book is here" | ||
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The past participle should not be confused with the passive form ''-ij'', although the differences between the two are not completely understood<ref> | The past participle should not be confused with the passive form ''-ij'', although the differences between the two are not completely understood<ref>"[http://web.archive.org/web/20050506165901/http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/chapter2/participle.html The Past Participle]", A First Survey of the Facts for Writing D'ni, accessed September 6, 2020. Archived from the original on May 6, 2005.</ref>. | ||
== Adverbs == | == Adverbs == | ||
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Note that ''mot'' can also be used as a relative pronoun: ''rekor mot gelen'' "the book that he writes"; however, when referring to personal nouns ("who"), ''kamrov'' should be used: ''reshokhootahn kamrov yim'' "the instructor (who) I see"<ref> | Note that ''mot'' can also be used as a relative pronoun: ''rekor mot gelen'' "the book that he writes"; however, when referring to personal nouns ("who"), ''kamrov'' should be used: ''reshokhootahn kamrov yim'' "the instructor (who) I see"<ref>"[http://web.archive.org/web/20050506165840/http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/chapter2/relative.html Two Forms of 'that']", A First Survey of the Facts for Writing D'ni, accessed September 6, 2020. Archived from the original on May 6, 2005.</ref>. | ||
''met'' and ''mot'' are singular when used as adjectives (''khoy hevtee met/mot dohooreet'' "if these/those words are found"), but plural when used as pronouns (''kokeneet pekay be motee/metee'' "they were | ''met'' and ''mot'' are singular when used as adjectives (''khoy hevtee met/mot dohooreet'' "if these/those words are found"), but plural when used as pronouns (''kokeneet pekay be motee/metee'' "they were [similar] to those/these"). | ||
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: {{dni-text|.|re-|keelen||fahets||ken|-en||ten||tsahnril}} "the first step is never simple (lit. simple never)" | : {{dni-text|.|re-|keelen||fahets||ken|-en||ten||tsahnril}} "the first step is never simple (lit. simple never)" | ||
but can also be expressed by negating the adjective<ref> | but can also be expressed by negating the adjective<ref>"[http://web.archive.org/web/20050506165816/http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/chapter2/negative.html The Negative 'Rihl']", A First Survey of the Facts for Writing D'ni, accessed September 6, 2020. Archived from the original on May 6, 2005.</ref>: | ||
: {{dni-text|.|re-|keelen||fahets||ken|-en||ril||ten||tsahn}} "the first step is never simple (lit. not-simple always)" | : {{dni-text|.|re-|keelen||fahets||ken|-en||ril||ten||tsahn}} "the first step is never simple (lit. not-simple always)" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| '''khe'''– | | '''khe'''– | ||
| for<ref> | | for<ref>"[http://web.archive.org/web/20050506165808/http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/chapter2/behnkheh.html Two Forms of 'for']", A First Survey of the Facts for Writing D'ni, accessed September 6, 2020. Archived from the original on May 6, 2005.</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''fe'''– | | '''fe'''– | ||
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The precise usage of ''ah'' is uncertain; from the sources, the following rules can be inferred<ref> | The precise usage of ''ah'' is uncertain; from the sources, the following rules can be inferred<ref>"[http://web.archive.org/web/20050506165848/http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/chapter2/objective.html The Objective Particle]", A First Survey of the Facts for Writing D'ni, accessed September 6, 2020. Archived from the original on May 6, 2005.</ref>: | ||
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== Quantifiers == | == Quantifiers == | ||
D'ni express these in a peculiar way, by using a numerical scale ("to 2", "to 20")<ref> | D'ni express these in a peculiar way, by using a numerical scale ("to 2", "to 20")<ref>"[http://web.archive.org/web/20050506165820/http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/chapter2/modifiers.html Modifiers and Their Use]", A First Survey of the Facts for Writing D'ni, accessed September 6, 2020. Archived from the original on May 6, 2005.</ref>. The attested quantifiers are: | ||
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The full name of a [[Guild]] is '''tel–okh–______–tahn–tee''', literally "Guild of ______ers". This name is almost always shortened by omitting ''–okh–'', ''–tahn–tee'' and often shortening the verb itself. Examples: '''telokhseltahntee''' → '''telsel'''. | The full name of a [[Guild]] is '''tel–okh–______–tahn–tee''', literally "Guild of ______ers". This name is almost always shortened by omitting ''–okh–'', ''–tahn–tee'' and often shortening the verb itself. Examples: '''telokhseltahntee''' → '''telsel'''. | ||
There are two ways to identify a member of a specific guild: one is using the Short Name + '''ahm''', the other is obtained by omitting ''' | There are two ways to identify a member of a specific guild: one is using the Short Name + '''ahm''', the other is obtained by omitting '''telokh–''' and '''–tee''' from the Full Name. | ||
Examples: '''telselahm''' | Examples: '''telselahm''' → '''seltahn'''. | ||
A Guild Master is the Short Name + '''nahvah'''. Example: '''telselnahvah'''. | |||
A Grand Master is the Short Name + '''nahvah pahrah'''. Example: '''telselnahvah pahrah'''. | A Grand Master is the Short Name + '''nahvah pahrah'''. Example: '''telselnahvah pahrah'''. | ||
==Resources== | ==Resources== | ||
* [http://www.eldalamberon.com/dni_dict.htm A Dictionary of the Language of D'ni], by Kh'reestrefah | * [http://www.eldalamberon.com/dni_dict.htm A Dictionary of the Language of D'ni], by Kh'reestrefah | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160317013710/http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/lessons/ Rehchoortahn D'nee] (The D'ni Student), by Domareh | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160317013710/http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/lessons/ Rehchoortahn D'nee] (The D'ni Student), by Domareh | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220219/http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/ A First Survey of the Facts for Writing D'ni], by Domareh | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220219/http://linguists.bahro.com/domahreh/grammar/ A First Survey of the Facts for Writing D'ni], by Domareh | ||
* Talashar's [https://talashargeltahn.wordpress.com/grammar/ D'ni Grammar] | |||
* The first [http://linguists.riedl.org/old/ Guild of Linguists] | * The first [http://linguists.riedl.org/old/ Guild of Linguists] | ||
* The [ | * The [https://www.facebook.com/GoLinguists/ Guild of Linguists] Facebook page | ||
==References== | ==References== |